Table 1 Main characteristics of included RCTs

Abd, et al. (2014)

Egypt

M (n = 13)

F (n = 17)

8.8

26.75

121.3

18.18

15

15

8-week

Postural balance training

Adaikina, et al. (2023)

New Zealand

M (n = 4)

F (n = 5)

2.5–4.8

0.26

(z-score)

−0.28

(z-score)

0.63

(z-score)

9

9

12-week

Vibration

Adıguzel, et al. (2021)

Turkey

M/F

9

27.5

130

16.27

9

9

8-week

Pilates

Ameer, et al. (2019)

Egypt

M/F

6.2

34.16

115.15

25.83

10

10

/

Treadmill gait training

Chrysagis, et al. (2012)

Greece

M (n = 13)

F (n = 9)

16.0

54.82

158.86

21.68

11

11

12-week

Treadmill training

Curtis, et al., (2017)

Denmark

M (n = 18)

F (n = 10)

2–15

/

/

/

14

14

6-month

Segmental trunk and head

control training

El-Basatiny, et al., (2014)

Egypt

M (n = 16)

F (n = 14)

12.2

39.08

138.14

20.48

15

15

12-week

Backward walking training

El-Shamy, et al., (2014)

Egypt

M (n = 23)

F (n = 7)

9.8

32.33

134

18

15

15

12-week

Whole-body vibration

Gatica-Rojas, et al., (2017)

Chile

M (n = 19)

F (n = 13)

10.7

40.1

138

20.05

16

16

6-week

Wii-therapy

González, et al., (2020)

Spain

M (n = 15)

F (n = 12)

12.5

/

/

20.35

14

13

6-week

Slackline training

Grecco, et al. (2013)

Brazil

M (n = 9)

F (n = 5)

6.4

22.95

114.25

17.35

7

7

7-week

Treadmill gait training

Grecco-Collange, et al., (2013)

Brazil

M (n = 15)

F (n = 18)

6.4

22.95

114.25

17.35

16

17

7-week

Treadmill training

Hemachithra, et al., (2019)

India

M (n = 12)

F (n = 12)

2.75

10.3

85.2

14.2

12

12

Post intervention

Horse riding

Jelsma, et al., (2012)

South Africa

M/F

11.36

/

/

/

14

14

3-week

The Nintendo Wii Fit

Kara, et al., (2019)

Turkey

M (n = 14)

F (n = 16)

11.53

41.06

144.23

18.99

15

15

12-week

Functional progressive strength and power training

Kepenek-Varol, et al., (2021)

Turkey

M (n = 14)

F (n = 16)

11

/

/

18.17

15

15

8-week

Inspiratory muscle and balance training

Peungsuwan, et al., (2017)

Thailand

M (n = 8)

F (n = 7)

13.25

36.96

138.5

19.27

8

7

8-week

Combined exercise

training

Salem, et al., (2009)

USA

M (n = 6)

F (n = 4)

6.53

/

/

/

5

5

5-week

Task-oriented training

Saxena, et al., (2016)

India

M (n = 8)

F (n = 6)

10.31

32.71

133.85

18.26

7

7

2-day

Balance training with computerbased feedback

Surana, et al., (2019)

USA

M (n = 10)

F (n = 14)

5.45

/

/

/

12

12

9-week

Lower-extremity functional training

Tarakci, et al., (2016)

Turkey

M (n = 19)

F (n = 11)

10.5

/

/

/

15

15

12-week

Nintendo Wii-Fit balance-based video games

Wallard, et al., (2017)

France

M/F

8.95

29.20

129.0

17.55

14

16

4-week

Robotic-assisted gait training

Wallard, et al., (2018)

France

M (n = 15)

F (n = 15)

8.95

19.2

122.0

12.90

14

16

4-week

Robotic-assisted gait rehabilitation

Yazıcı, et al., (2019)

Turkey

M/F

8.5

28.84

133.29

15.93

12

12

12-week

Robotic gait training