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Table 2 Maternal and child characteristics

From: Effect of swimming initiation period and continuation frequency on motor competence development in children aged up to 3 years: the Japan environment and children’s study

Variables

 

Continuation pattern of the frequency of using the swimming pool

Total

Group Aª

Group Bb

Group Cc

Group Dd

n = 79,687

n = 55,625

n = 6,157

n = 14,424

n = 3,481

Children

n

n

n

n

n

Sex

(%)

(%)

(%)

(%)

(%)

Male

40,806

28,429

3,114

7,386

1,877

 

(51.2)

(51.1)

(50.6)

(51.2)

(53.9)

Female

38,881

27,196

3,043

7,038

1,604

 

(48.8)

(48.9)

(49.4)

(48.8)

(46.1)

Physical anomalies

n

n

n

n

n

 

(%)

(%)

(%)

(%)

(%)

No

67,108

46,887

5,201

12,087

2,933

 

(84.2)

(84.3)

(84.5)

(83.8)

(84.3)

Yes

7,703

5,263

605

1,498

337

 

(9.7)

(9.5)

(9.8)

(10.4)

(9.7)

Missing

4876

3475

351

839

211

 

(6.1)

(6.2)

(5.7)

(5.8)

(6.1)

Body mass index (kg/m2)

mean

mean

mean

mean

mean

 

(SD)

(SD)

(SD)

(SD)

(SD)

1.5 years

16.6

16.6

16.7

16.6

16.7

 

(1.5)

(1.5)

(1.5)

(1.5)

(1.5)

Missing

9,400

6,610

725

1,675

390

2 years

16.4

16.3

16.4

16.5

16.5

 

(1.3)

(1.4)

(1.4)

(1.3)

(1.3)

Missing

7,743

5,343

566

1,476

358

2.5 years

16.2

16.2

16.3

16.2

16.3

 

(1.3)

(1.3)

(1.3)

(1.3)

(1.3)

Missing

9,637

6,799

709

1,742

387

3 years

16.0

16.0

16.0

16.1

16.1

 

(1.3)

(1.3)

(1.2)

(1.3)

(1.3)

Missing

6,318

4,520

422

1,146

230

Mothers

n

n

n

n

n

Annual household income (million Japanese yen)

(%)

(%)

(%)

(%)

(%)

 < 2

3,912

2,661

310

753

188

 

(4.9)

(4.8)

(5.0)

(5.2)

(5.4)

2– < 4

23,709

16,457

1,864

4,387

1,001

 

(29.8)

(29.6)

(30.3)

(30.4)

(28.8)

4– < 6

23,685

16,482

1,832

4,315

1,056

 

(29.7)

(29.6)

(29.8)

(29.9)

(30.3)

6– < 8

11,593

8,172

882

2,027

512

 

(14.5)

(14.7)

(14.3)

(14.1)

(14.7)

8– < 10

4,785

3,389

391

812

193

 

(6.0)

(6.1)

(6.4)

(5.6)

(5.5)

 ≥ 10

3,015

2,129

216

541

129

 

(3.8)

(3.8)

(3.5)

(3.8)

(3.7)

Missing

8,988

6,335

662

1,589

402

 

(11.3)

(11.4)

(10.8)

(11.0)

(11.5)

Maternal highest level of education

n

n

n

n

n

(%)

(%)

(%)

(%)

(%)

Junior high school or high school

26,481

18,750

1,951

4,841

939

(33.2)

(33.7)

(31.7)

(33.6)

(27.0)

Technical junior college, technical/vocational college, or Associate degree

34,008

23,719

2,591

6,236

1,462

 

(42.7)

(42.6)

(42.1)

(43.2)

(42.0)

Bachelor degree or Postgraduate degree

18,369

12,596

1,537

3,204

1,032

(23.1)

(22.6)

(25.0)

(22.2)

(29.6)

Missing

829

560

78

143

48

 

(1.0)

(1.0)

(1.3)

(1.0)

(1.4)

Lifestyle factors

n

n

n

n

n

Maternal frequency of playing with the child

(%)

(%)

(%)

(%)

(%)

1 year

Seldom or 1–3 times per month

487

322

32

104

29

 

(0.6)

(0.6)

(0.5)

(0.7)

(0.8)

1–2 times per week

3999

2573

322

885

219

 

(5.0)

(4.6)

(5.2)

(6.1)

(6.3)

3–4 times per week

3831

2464

296

876

195

 

(4.8)

(4.4)

(4.8)

(6.1)

(5.6)

 ≥ 5 times per week

70,149

49,467

5418

12,290

2974

 

(88.0)

(88.9)

(88.0)

(85.2)

(85.4)

Missing

1,221

799

89

269

64

 

(1.5)

(1.4)

(1.4)

(1.9)

(1.8)

2 years

Seldom or 1–3 times per month

1,108

725

85

249

49

 

(1.4)

(1.3)

(1.4)

(1.7)

(1.4)

1–2 times per week

13,172

8,352

1,132

3,048

640

 

(16.5)

(15.0)

(18.4)

(21.1)

(18.4)

3–4 times per week

8,565

5,654

701

1,815

395

 

(10.7)

(10.2)

(11.4)

(12.6)

(11.3)

 ≥ 5 times per week

55,157

39,803

4,096

8,964

2,294

 

(69.2)

(71.6)

(66.5)

(62.1)

(65.9)

Missing

1,685

1,091

143

348

103

 

(2.1)

(2.0)

(2.3)

(2.4)

(3.0)

3 years

Seldom or 1–3 times per month

1,940

1,292

150

412

86

 

(2.4)

(2.3)

(2.4)

(2.9)

(2.5)

1–2 times per week

16,560

10,691

1,483

3,615

771

 

(20.8)

(19.2)

(24.1)

(25.1)

(22.1)

3–4 times per week

10,680

7,114

923

2,156

487

 

(13.4)

(12.8)

(15.0)

(14.9)

(14.0)

 ≥ 5 times per week

50,201

36,312

3,572

8,195

2,122

 

(63.0)

(65.3)

(58.0)

(56.8)

(61.0)

Missing

306

216

29

46

15

 

(0.4)

(0.4)

(0.5)

(0.3)

(0.4)

Frequency of taking the child out of the house (to somewhere other than the childcare facility)

n

(%)

n

(%)

n

(%)

n

(%)

n

(%)

1 year

Seldom or 1–3 times per month

2,979

2,050

221

587

121

 

(3.7)

(3.7)

(3.6)

(4.1)

(3.5)

1–2 times per week

21,739

14,776

1,648

4,435

880

 

(27.3)

(26.6)

(26.8)

(30.7)

(25.3)

3–4 times per week

21,938

15,976

1,601

3,549

812

 

(27.5)

(28.7)

(26.0)

(24.6)

(23.3)

 ≥ 5 times per week

31,886

22,075

2,604

5,598

1,609

 

(40.0)

(39.7)

(42.3)

(38.8)

(46.2)

Missing

1,145

748

83

255

59

 

(1.4)

(1.3)

(1.3)

(1.8)

(1.7)

2 years

Seldom or 1–3 times per month

3,540

2,403

265

743

129

 

(4.4)

(4.3)

(4.3)

(5.2)

(3.7)

1–2 times per week

32,687

21,508

2,701

7,013

1,465

 

(41.0)

(38.7)

(43.9)

(48.6)

(42.1)

3–4 times per week

17,558

12,878

1,246

2,823

611

 

(22.0)

(23.2)

(20.2)

(19.6)

(17.6)

 ≥ 5 times per week

24,256

17,775

1,802

3,500

1,179

 

(30.4)

(32.0)

(29.3)

(24.3)

(33.9)

Missing

1,646

1,061

143

345

97

 

(2.1)

(1.9)

(2.3)

(2.4)

(2.8)

3 years

Seldom or 1–3 times per month

4,699

3,147

400

963

189

 

(5.9)

(5.7)

(6.5)

(6.7)

(5.4)

1–2 times per week

36,838

24,302

3,179

7,655

1,702

 

(46.2)

(43.7)

(51.6)

(53.1)

(48.9)

3–4 times per week

17,409

12,840

1,165

2,782

622

 

(21.8)

(23.1)

(18.9)

(19.3)

(17.9)

 ≥ 5 times per week

20,546

15,202

1,392

2,989

963

 

(25.8)

(27.3)

(22.6)

(20.7)

(27.7)

Missing

195

134

21

35

5

 

(0.2)

(0.2)

(0.3)

(0.2)

(0.1)

Attendance at a childcare facility / a preschool (daycare center or nursery)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

1 year

Yes

20,224

12,037

1,768

5,268

1,151

 

(25.4)

(21.6)

(28.7)

(36.5)

(33.1)

No

58,247

42,816

4,290

8,875

2,266

 

(73.1)

(77.0)

(69.7)

(61.5)

(65.1)

Missing

1,216

772

99

281

64

 

(1.5)

(1.4)

(1.6)

(1.9)

(1.8)

2 years

Yes

38,080

23,444

3,508

9,148

1,980

 

(47.8)

(42.1)

(57.0)

(63.4)

(56.9)

No

39,616

30,896

2,488

4,845

1,387

 

(49.7)

(55.5)

(40.4)

(33.6)

(39.8)

Missing

1,991

1,285

161

431

114

 

(2.5)

(2.3)

(2.6)

(3.0)

(3.3)

3 years

Yes

48,499

31,018

4,567

10,409

2,505

 

(60.9)

(55.8)

(74.2)

(72.2)

(72.0)

No

28,772

23,094

1,368

3,459

851

 

(36.1)

(41.5)

(22.2)

(24.0)

(24.4)

Missing

2,416

1,513

222

556

125

 

(3.0)

(2.7)

(3.6)

(3.9)

(3.6)

  1. SD Standard deviation
  2. aGroup A, children who seldom go to a swimming pool during 1 to 3 years of age.
  3. bGroup B, children who seldom used a swimming pool during 1–1.5 years of age but started swimming once a month or more from 2 to 3 years of age
  4. cGroup C, children who went to a swimming pool once a month or more during 1–1.5 years of age but quit swimming from 2 to 3 years of age
  5. dGroup D, children who continued to use the swimming pool once a month or more from 1 to 3 years of age
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