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Table 3 Characteristics of outcomes

From: Effect of swimming initiation period and continuation frequency on motor competence development in children aged up to 3 years: the Japan environment and children’s study

 

Continuation pattern of the frequency of using the swimming pool

 

Variables

Total

Group Aª

Group Bb

Group Cc

Group Dd

 

n = 79,687

n = 55,625

n = 6,157

n = 14,424

n = 3,481

pe

Gross motor

n

n

n

n

n

 
 

(%)

(%)

(%)

(%)

(%)

 

1.5 years

Passf

65,875

46,171

5,083

11,769

2,852

p < 0.001

(82.7)

(83.0)

(82.6)

(81.6)

(81.9)

 

Failg

3,380

2,560

266

445

109

 

(4.2)

(4.6)

(4.3)

(3.1)

(3.1)

 

Missing

10,432

6,894

808

2,210

520

 

(13.1)

(12.4)

(13.1)

(15.3)

(14.9)

 

2 years

Pass

68,542

47,867

5,285

12,427

2,963

p < 0.001

(86.0)

(86.1)

(85.8)

(86.2)

(85.1)

 

Fail

4,602

3,460

364

629

149

 

(5.8)

(6.2)

(5.9)

(4.4)

(4.3)

 

Missing

6,543

4,298

508

1,368

369

 

(8.2)

(7.7)

(8.3)

(9.5)

(10.6)

 

2.5 years

Pass

69,097

48,261

5,353

12,477

3,006

p < 0.001

(86.7)

(86.8)

(86.9)

(86.5)

(86.4)

 

Fail

3,406

2,619

258

426

103

 

(4.3)

(4.7)

(4.2)

(3.0)

(3.0)

 

Missing

7,184

4,745

546

1,521

372

 

(9.0)

(8.5)

(8.9)

(10.5)

(10.7)

 

3 years

Pass

73,242

51,053

5,647

13,325

3,217

p < 0.001

(91.9)

(91.8)

(91.7)

(92.4)

(92.4)

 

Fail

3,648

2,777

268

495

108

 

(4.6)

(5.0)

(4.4)

(3.4)

(3.1)

 

Missing

2,797

1,795

242

604

156

 

(3.5)

(3.2)

(3.9)

(4.2)

(4.5)

 

Fine motor

n

n

n

n

n

 
 

(%)

(%)

(%)

(%)

(%)

 

1.5 years

Pass

63,557

44,415

4,938

11,408

2,796

p < 0.001

(79.8)

(79.8)

(80.2)

(79.1)

(80.3)

 

Fail

5,663

4,295

406

797

165

 

(7.1)

(7.7)

(6.6)

(5.5)

(4.7)

 

Missing

10,467

6,915

813

2,219

520

 

(13.1)

(12.4)

(13.2)

(15.4)

(14.9)

 

2 years

Pass

68,959

48,135

5,371

12,490

2,963

p < 0.001

(86.5)

(86.5)

(87.2)

(86.6)

(85.1)

 

Fail

4,116

3,150

272

549

145

 

(5.2)

(5.7)

(4.4)

(3.8)

(4.2)

 

Missing

6,612

4,340

514

1,385

373

 

(8.3)

(7.8)

(8.3)

(9.6)

(10.7)

 

2.5 years

Pass

70,349

49,273

5,440

12,583

3,053

p < 0.001

(88.3)

(88.6)

(88.4)

(87.2)

(87.7)

 

Fail

1,848

1,394

147

260

47

 

(2.3)

(2.5)

(2.4)

(1.8)

(1.4)

 

Missing

7,490

4,958

570

1,581

381

 

(9.4)

(8.9)

(9.3)

(11.0)

(10.9)

 

3 years

Pass

73,970

51,628

5,692

13,425

3,225

p < 0.001

(92.8)

(92.8)

(92.4)

(93.1)

(92.6)

 

Fail

2,633

1,998

198

362

75

 

(3.3)

(3.6)

(3.2)

(2.5)

(2.2)

 

Missing

3,084

1,999

267

637

181

 

(3.9)

(3.6)

(4.3)

(4.4)

(5.2)

 
  1. aGroup A, children who seldom went to a swimming pool during 1–3 years of age
  2. bGroup B, children who seldom went to a swimming pool during 1–1.5 years of age, but started swimming once a month or more from 2 to 3 years of age
  3. cGroup C, children who went to a swimming pool once a month or more during 1–1.5 years of age but quit swimming from 2 to 3 years of age.
  4. dGroup D, children continued to use the swimming pool once a month or more from 1 to 3 years of age
  5. eThe chi-squared test for proportion was used to assess the association between the exposures and outcomes
  6. fAbove cutoff value
  7. gBelow cutoff value
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BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation

ISSN: 2052-1847

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