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Table 1 Descriptive characteristics of the outpatients at the beginning of the cardiac rehabilitation program and before the physical activity measures for the community-dwelling participants

From: Motivational and emotional correlates of physical activity and sedentary behavior after cardiac rehabilitation: an observational study

Characteristics

N = 119

Outpatients

N = 68

(42.2%)

Controls

N = 51

(31.7%)

 
 

M (SD)

M (SD)

P value*

Demographics and anthropometrics

   

 Sex (n, %)

   

 Female

9 (13.24%)

28 (54.90%)

 

 Male

59 (86.74%)

23 (45.10%)

< 0.001

 Age (years, n, %)

   

  < 50

14 (20.90%)

5 (9.80%)

 

  50–59

25 (37.31%)

31 (60.78%)

 

  60–69

17 (25.37%)

12 (23.53%)

 

  70–79

10 (14.93%)

3 (5.88%)

 

  > 80

1 (1.49%)

0 (0%)

0.074

 Body mass index (Kg/m2; n, %)

   

 Underweight < 18.5

0 (0%)

2 (3.92%)

 

 Normal 18.5–<25

19 (27.79%)

25 (49.01%)

 

 Overweight 25–<30

30 (45.45%)

19 (37.25%)

 

 Obese ≥ 30

17 (25.76%)

5 (9.80%)

0.018

Usual level of PA (n, %)

   

 Physically inactive

18 (26.47%)

3 (6.38%)

 

 Some PA

28 (41.18%)

18 (38.30%)

 

 Regular PA

20 (29.41%)

23 (48.94%)

 

 High training

2 (2.94%)

3 (6.38%)

0.020

Emotional health-related variables

   

 Anxiety [1–5]

1.79 (0.90)

1.60 (0.87)

0.243

 Depressive symptoms [1–5]

1.62 (0.76)

1.58 (0.74)

0.722

 Fatigue [1–5]

2.55 (1.06)

2.01 (0.85)

0.003

 Pain intensity [1–5]

2.10 (2.29)

1.62 (1.89)

0.226

Additional health-related variables

   

 Number of ADL (n, %)

   

  No ADL

59 (86.76%)

44 (97.78%)

 

  > 1 ADL

9 (13.24%)

1 (2.22%)

0.094

 Number of IADL (n, %)

   

  No IADL

49 (72.13%)

41 (83.67%)

 

  > 1 IADL

18 (26.87%)

8 (16.32%)

0.026

 Mobility

3.70 (0.54)

3.95 (0.23)

0.002

 Global physical health [1–5]

2.88 (0.89)

3.69 (0.82)

< 0.001

 Global mental health [1–5]

3.77 (0.98)

4.10 (0.76)

0.046

 Life satisfaction [1–7]

5.68 (1.26)

6.24 (0.66)

0.005

 LVEF (%)

52.87 (10.49)

Na.

 

 MAP (Watt)

141.08 (45.08)

Na.

 

 Abdominal circumference (cm)

99.31 (12.02)

Na.

 

 HbA1c (%)

5.69 (0.74)

Na.

 

 Triglycerides (mmol/L)

1.59 (1.08)

Na.

 

 LDL (mmol/L)

2.94 (1.25)

Na.

 

 Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

126.10 (14.64)

Na.

 

 Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

72.49 (8.29)

Na.

 

 Cigarette (pack/year)

10.82 (14.85)

Na.

 

 Comorbidity (N = 67, n, %)

 

Na.

 

  0

9 (13.43%)

Na.

 

  1

18 (26.87%)

Na.

 

  ≥ 2

40 (59.70%)

Na.

 

Indication for enrollment in the outpatient CR (N = 67, n; %)

   

 Acute coronary syndrome NSTEMI

27 (40.30)

Na.

 

 Acute coronary syndrome STEMI

18 (26.87)

Na.

 

 Acute coronary syndrome UA

4 (5.97)

Na.

 

 Coronary artery bypass graft surgery

7 (10.45)

Na.

 

 Coronary artery disease without ACS or surgery

8 (11.94)

Na.

 

 Heart failure

2 (2.99)

Na.

 

 Valvular surgery

1 (1.49)

Na.

 

Motivational variables

   

 Perceived capabilities [1–5]

4.21 (0.97)

4.90 (0.36)

<0.001

 Intention [1–10]

5.51 (1.34)

4.99 (1.50)

0.053

 Instrumental attitudes [1–10]

9.09 (1.42)

9.36 (1.55)

0.325

 Affective attitudes [1–10]

8.16 (2.06)

8.96 (1.60)

0.024

 Approach toward PA

-34.22 (109.97)

-20.82 (63.82)

0.461

 Approach toward SB

8.98 (102.38)

-20.59 (77.78)

0.111

  1. Abbreviations: PA, physical activity; ADL, limitations in activities of daily living; IADL, limitations in instrumental activities of daily living; CR; cardiac rehabilitation; NSTEMI, non-ST elevation myocardial infarction; STEMI, ST elevation myocardial infarction; UA, unstable angina; ACS, acute coronary syndrome; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MAP, maximal aerobic power; HbA1c, fasting glycated hemoglobin; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SB, sedentary behaviors. Usual level of PA was assessed with the Saltin-Grimby PA Level Scale. The LVEF is considered to fall within the normal range when it is between 50% and 70% [92]. A waist circumference greater than 95 cm for men and 80 cm for women is associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality [93]. HbA1c levels are classified as normal, or within the non-diabetic range below 5.7% [94]. Triglycerides levels are considered normal if they are below 1.7 mmol/L [95]. LDL cholesterol levels are desirable if they are below 1.8 mmol/L for individuals with coronary artery disease or other forms of atherosclerosis, and below 2.6 mmol/L for healthy individuals [96]. Systolic blood pressure is considered high if it exceeds 129 mmHg, and diastolic blood pressure is considered high if it exceeds 79 mmHg [97]. Positive score in Approach toward PA suggests a tendency to approach PA, while a negative score suggests a tendency to avoid PA. A positive score in Approach toward SB suggests a tendency to approach PA, while a negative score suggests a tendency to avoid PA. *P-value of the difference between the outpatients and control participants
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BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation

ISSN: 2052-1847

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