Table 4 Results of the repeated-measures ANOVA. Mean and Standard Deviation (SD) of all parameters in each condition, Statistic (F), p-value (P) and effect size (Pη²) were reported. Significant differences were marked via “*”

ND (mm)

Pre

10.84 ± 0.56

11.11 ± 0.56

11.26 ± 0.89

Time

99.71

< 0.001^*

0.704

Post

8.37 ± 2.31

7.92 ± 1.87

6.28 ± 1.89

Group

3.51

0.039^*

0.143

P

< 0.001^*

< 0.001^*

< 0.001^*

T * G

4.43

0.018^*

0.174

PC(%)

22.78↓

28.71↓

40.14↓

Surface (cm²)

Pre

192.02 ± 18.52

187.06 ± 11.34

188.93 ± 11.24

Time

47.54

< 0.001^*

0.773

Post

186.72 ± 15.20

180.6 ± 14.59

178.6 ± 7.72

Group

1.09

0.349

0.072

P

0.015^*

< 0.001^*

0.001^*

T * G

1.71

0.198

0.109

PC(%)

2.76↓

3.45↓

5.46↓

Foot rotation (°)

Pre

2.74 ± 0.98

2.46 ± 1.12

3.2 ± 1.14

Time

20.85

< 0.001^*

0.598

Post

2.16 ± 0.84

1.8 ± 0.68

2.25 ± 0.85

Group

1.71

0.201

0.108

P

0.006^*

0.022^*

0.004^*

T * G

0.77

0.469

0.053

PC(%)

21.16↓

26.82↓

29.68↓

Max pressure (N)

Pre

10.32 ± 1.55

11.13 ± 2.38

11 ± 2.53

Time

36.58

< 0.001^*

0.723

Post

10.05 ± 2.25

8.4 ± 2.29

8.3 ± 1.45

Group

0.36

0.696

0.026

P

0.616

< 0.001^*

< 0.001^*

T * G

6.55

0.005^*

0.319

PC(%)

2.61↓

24.52↓

24.54↓

AP sway (mm)

Pre

136.94 ± 27.21

154.43 ± 35.67

157.39 ± 39.79

Time

40.02

< 0.001^*

0.741

Post

122.24 ± 30.92

135.38 ± 41.96

117.96 ± 34.65

Group

0.95

0.369

0.064

P

0.065

0.007^*

< 0.001^*

T * G

4.14

0.026^*

0.229

PC(%)

10.73↓

12.33↓

25.05↓

ML sway (mm)

Pre

106.36 ± 36.13

109.07 ± 26.78

108.38 ± 31.57

Time

43.5

< 0.001^*

0.757

Post

88.54 ± 29.68

87 ± 28.76

69.13 ± 17/08

Group

0.63

0.548

0.088

P

0.004^*

0.015^*

0.003^*

T * G

3.94

0.046^*

0.378

PC(%)

16.75↓

20.23↓

56.77↓

Trace (mm)

Pre

193.44 ± 50.68

206.32 ± 46.15

214.13 ± 47.73

Time

50.21

< 0.001^*

0.782

Post

163.54 ± 42.86

173.8 ± 43.24

157.95 ± 34.76

Group

0.35

0.704

0.205

P

0.007^*

0.001^*

< 0.001^*

T * G

2.53

0.098

0.153

PC(%)

15.45↓

15.76↓

26.23↓

Sway area (mm²)

Pre

420.03 ± 101.31

441.35 ± 104.06

457.01 ± 120.14

Time

49.38

< 0.001^*

0.779

Post

334.84 ± 114.75

299.8 ± 60.91

291.72 ± 85.14

Group

0.02

0.978

0.002

P

0.007^*

< 0.001^*

< 0.001^*

T * G

2.43

0.106

0.148

PC(%)

20.28↓

32.07↓

36.16↓

Average speed (mm/s)

Pre

19.34 ± 4.92

20.67 ± 4.52

21.51 ± 4.96

Time

57.78

< 0.001^*

0.805

Post

16.33 ± 4.41

17.54 ± 4.62

15.7 ± 3.25

Group

0.41

0.665

0.029

P

0.006^*

0.001^*

< 0.001^*

T * G

2.84

0.075

0.169

PC(%)

15.56↓

15.14↓

27.01↓