Fig. 3

Relative abundance of gut bacteria taxa in the time × group interaction. Bar graphs summarizing significant differences using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test to assess within-group effects and Mann-Whitney U test to assess between-group effects (p < 0.05). Values are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean. Abbreviations: INT intervention group; CTRL controls; * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; ns no significant