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Table 2 The means and standard deviations of the COP measurements for each group

From: Postural adjustment and muscle activity during each phase of gait initiation in chronic ankle instability: an observational study

Variables

CAI

(N = 20)

Control

(N = 20)

T/Z

Effect size(Hedges’ correction)

95% Confidence interval

P value

Mean ± SD

bMaximum velocity of COP displacement in the AP direction during total phases (mm/s)

3.14 ± 1.59

3.48 ± 1.05

−1.56

−0.24

(−0.85 0.37)

0.117

aMaximum velocity of COP displacement in the AP direction during phase 1(mm/s)a

1.03 ± 0.35

1.23 ± 0.47

−1.49

−0.46

(−1.07 0.15)

0.142

bMaximum velocity of COP displacement in the AP direction during phase 2(mm/s)

1.28 ± 0.49

1.19 ± 0.55

−1.08

0.17

(−0.44 0.77)

0.279

bMaximum velocity of COP displacement in the AP direction during phase3 (mm/s)

3.14 ± 1.59

3.48 ± 1.05

−1.56

−0.24

(−0.86 0.36)

0.117

bMaximum velocity of COP displacement in the ML direction during total phases (mm/s)

7.63 ± 2.51

7.89 ± 1.63

−1.21

−0.09

(−0.70 0.51)

0.224

aMaximum velocity of COP displacement in the ML direction during phase 1(mm/s)

2.02 ± 0.46

2.10 ± 0.85

−0.391

−0.12

(−0.72 0.48)

0.698

aMaximum velocity of COP displacement in the ML direction during phase 2(mm/s)

6.12 ± 1.20

6.19 ± 1.86

−0.136

−0.04

(−0.64 0.56)

0.893

aMaximum velocity of COP displacement in the ML direction during phase 3(mm/s)

5.49 ± 2.86

5.56 ± 2.29

−0.080

−0.02

(−0.63 0.58)

0.626

aMean velocity of COP displacement in the AP direction during total phases(mm/s)

0.86 ± 0.20

0.94 ± 0.19

−1.32

−0.41

(−1.02 0.20)

0.194

aMean velocity of COP displacement in the AP direction during phase 1(mm/s)

0.57 ± 0.19

0.73 ± 0.27

−2.08

−0.64

(−1.26 0.01)

0.044*

aMean velocity of COP displacement in the AP direction during phase 2(mm/s)

0.61 ± 0.23

0.54 ± 0.25

0.90

0.28

(−0.33 0.89)

0.369

aMean velocity of COP displacement in the AP direction during phase 3(mm/s)

1.05 ± 025

1.17 ± 0.19

−1.54

−0.47

(−1.09 0.14)

0.132

aMean velocity of COP displacement in the ML direction during total phases(mm/s)

1.40 ± 1.16

1.38 ± 0.27

0.27

0.08

(−0.52 0.69)

0.783

aMean velocity of COP displacement in the ML direction during phase 1(mm/s)

1.18 ± 0.28

1.28 ± 0.52

−0.68

−0.21

(−0.82 0.39)

0.497

aMean velocity of COP displacement in the ML direction during phase 2(mm/s)

3.21 ± 0.62

3.12 ± 0.94

0.38

0.11

(−0.49 0.72)

0.705

aMean velocity of COP displacement in the ML direction during phase 3(mm/s)

0.79 ± 0.27

0.77 ± 0.24

0.19

0.05

(−0.54 0.66)

0.849

aMean excursion of COP in the AP direction during total phases (mm)

057 ± 0.11

0.61 ± 0.05

−1.43

−0.44

(−1.05 0.17)

0.161

aMean excursion of COP in the AP direction during phase 1 (mm)

0.12 ± 0.04

0.13 ± 0.04

−0.78

−0.24

(−0.85 0.36)

0.436

bMean excursion of COP in the AP direction during phase 2 (mm)

0.10 ± 0.03

0.09 ± 0.04

−1.08

0.15

(−0.45 0.76)

0.279

aMean excursion of COP in the AP direction during phase 3 (mm)

0. 54 ± 0.09

0. 59 ± 0.06

−1.90

−0.59

(−1.20 0.03)

0.065

aMean excursion of COP in the ML direction during total phases (mm)

0.99 ± 0.15

0.93 ± 0.16

1.13

0.35

(−0.26 0.96)

0.266

aMean excursion of COP in the ML direction during phase 1 (mm)

0.24 ± 0.06

0.24 ± 0.08

0.38

0.11

(−0.48 0.72)

0.702

aMean excursion of COP in the ML direction during phase 2 (mm)

0.071 ± 0.13

0.068 ± 0.13

0,84

0.26

(−0.35 0.87)

0.404

aMean excursion of COP in the ML direction during phase 3 (mm)

0.33 ± 0.14

0.32 ± 0.10

0.36

0.11

(−0.41 0.79)

0.720

aPeak excursion of COP in the AP direction during total phases (mm)

0.40 ± 0.09

0.40 ± 0.06

0.12

0.03

(−0.56 0.64)

0.901

aPeak excursion of COP in the AP direction during phase 1 (mm)

0.11 ± 0.04

0.13 ± 0.05

−1.36

−0.42

(−1.03 0.19)

0.180

aPeak excursion of COP in the AP direction during phase 2 (mm)

0.158 ± 0.05

0.207 ± 0.07

−2.40

−0.744

(−1.36—0.10)

0.021*

aPeak excursion of COP in the AP direction during phase 3 (mm)

0.40 ± 0.09

0.40 ± 0.06

0.13

0.04

(−0.56 0.64)

0.897

bPeak excursion of COP in the ML direction during total phases (mm)

0.73 ± 0.13

0.68 ± 0.07

−0.86

0.47

(−0.14 1.08)

0.387

aPeak excursion of COP in the ML direction during phase 1 (mm)

0.24 ± 0.05

0.24 ± 0.07

−0.016

−0.005

(−0.61 0.60)

0.988

aPeak excursion of COP in the ML direction during phase 2 (mm)

0.48 ± 0.10

0.45 ± 0.07

1.04

0.32

(−0.23 0.93)

0.304

bPeak excursion of COP in the ML direction during phase 3 (mm)

0.73 ± 0.13

0.68 ± 0.07

−0.86

0.47

(−0.14 1.08)

0.387

aPhase 1 duration (% of total duration)

21.60 ± 3.03

19.58 ± 3.13

2.07

0.641

(0.13 1.26)

0.045*

aPhase 2 duration (% of total duration)

21.88 ± 3.79

23.06 ± 4.47

−0.90

−0.28

(−0.88 0.33)

0.373

aPhase 3 duration (% of total duration)

55.26 ± 4.67

56.01 ± 3.02

−0.59

−0.8

(−0.79 0.42)

0.556

  1. aIndependent t test, bMann‒Whitney U test * Significant at P- value ≤ 0.05. T is presented as an independent t test, and Z is presented as the Mann‒Whitney U test
  2. AP Anterior–posterior, COP Centre of pressure, ML Medial–lateral, ms millisecond, mm millimeter, TA Tibialis Anterior, SOL Soleus, SD Standard deviation