Table 2 Summary of population demographic characteristics
Study | Country | Type of Athletes | Level/training experience | Population Characteristics |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Tomljanović et al. (2011) [37] | Croatia | NR | Moderately trained collegiate athlete/ > 12 yr | EG: n = 11, CG: n = 12, Gender: M, Age: 22–25 yr |
Sander et al. (2013) [38] | Germany | Soccer | Professional/ > 12 yr | EG1: n = 65, EG2: n = 56, Gender: NR, age: 15.1 yr |
Song et al. (2014) [39] | Korea | Handball | Elite/NR | EG: n = 31, Gender: M, age: 17.0 ± 1.06 yr.; CG: n = 31, Gender: M, Age: 16.62 ± 0.94 yr |
Elbadry (2014) [24] | Egypt | Hammer throw | Collegiate/NR | EG: n = 10, Gender: F, Age: 18.33 ± 0.5 yr.; CG: n = 10, Gender: F, Age: 18.29 ± 0.8 yr |
Kamal (2016) [40] | Egypt | Shot put | Collegiate/NR | EG: n = 10, Gender: F, Age: 18.33 ± 0.5 yr.; CG: n = 10, Gender: F, Age: 18.29 ± 0.8 yr |
Cherepov & Shaikhetdinov (2016) [41] | Switzerland | Martial artists | Elite/NR | EG: n = 15, CG: n = 15, Gender: NR, Age: NR |
Osipov et al. (2017) [42] | Russia | Judo | Collegiate/7–8 yr | EG = 30, CG = 30, Gender: NR, Age: 20–30 yr |
Alonso-Fernández et al. (2017) [43] | Spain | Handball | Club/60 months | EG = 7, CG = 7, Gender: F, Age: 15.2 ± 0.6 yr |
Yildiz et al. (2019) [21] | Turkey | Tennis | Prepubertal players/3.1 ± 1.1 yr | EG1 = 10, EG2 = 10, CG = 8, Gender: NR, Age: 9.6 ± 0.7 yr |
Turkey | Basketball | Professional/NR | EG: n = 14, Gender: M, Age: 26.6 ± 5.9 yr.; CG: n = 14, Gender: M, Age: 22.4 ± 4.2 yr | |
Turna & Alp (2020) [46] | Turkey | Soccer | Professional/6.4 ± 3.09 yr., 4.4 ± 2.71 yr | EG: n = 10, Gender: M, Age: 25.2 ± 3.36 yr.; CG: n = 15, Gender: M, Age: 22.90 ± 2.02 yr |
Zirhli & Demirci (2020) [47] | Turkey | Tennis | Club/ ≥ 2 yr | EG = 10, CG = 10, Gender: F, Age: 11.20 ± 0.834 yr |
Turker & Yuksel (2021) | Turkey | Basketball | Elite/NR | EG: n = 15, Gender: M, Age: 20.8 ± 1.7 yr.; CG: n = 15, Gender: M, Age: 21.06 ± 1.9 yr |
Hovsepian et al. (2021) [48] | Iran | Basketball | Professional/7.5 ± 2.5 yr., 6.5 ± 1.5 yr | EG: n = 10, Gender: F, Age: 23.5 ± 3.0 yr.; CG: n = 10, Gender: F, Age: 21.0 ± 1.5 yr |
Carvutto et al. (2021) [49] | Italy | Soccer | Soccer school/NR | EG: n = 14, Gender: M, Age: NR; CG: n = 10, Gender: M, Age: NR |
Keiner et al. (2022) [50] | Germany | Soccer | Professional/NR | EG1: n = 11, EG2: n = 11, EG3: n = 14, CG: n = 12, Gender: NR, Age: 17.45 ± 0.52 yr |
Zheng (2022) [51] | China | Dance | Collegiate/NR | EG: n = 30, Gender: M, Age: NR; CG: n = 30, Gender: M, Age: NR |
Abood et al. (2022) [23] | Iraq | Basketball | Clubs/NR | EG: n = 7, Gender: NR, Age: NR; CG: n = 7, Gender: NR, Age: NR |
Zou & Ma (2022) [52] | China | Taekwondo | National second-level athlete/ ≥ 2 yr | EG1 = 8, CG = 8, Gender: M, Age: 22 yr |
Liu & Yi (2023) [53] | China | Tennis | Clubs/ NR | EG: n = 9, Gender: M, Age: NR; CG: n = 9, Gender: M, Age: NR |
Lee et al. (2023) [54] | Korea | Baseball | Collegiate/TB: > 10 yr | EG: n = 5, Gender: NR, Age: NR; CG: n = 5, Gender: NR, Age: NR |
Chen (2023) [55] | China | Badminton | National level/NR | EG: n = 6, Gender: M, Age: NR; CG: n = 6, Gender: M, Age: NR |
Wu et al. (2023) [56] | China | Dragon Boat | Collegiate/NR | EG: n = 21, Gender: M, Age: 21 ± 1.47 yr.; CG: n = 21, Gender: M, Age: 22 ± 1.50 yr |
Khazaei & Amani-Shalamzari (2023) [57] | Iran | Taekwondo | Elite/NR | EG: n = 9, Gender: F, Age: 21.1 ± 2.9 yr.; CG: n = 8, Gender: F, Age: 22.3 ± 3.1 yr |
Xiao et al. (2023) [12] | China | Tennis | Elite/ > 4.5 yr | EG: n = 20, Gender: M, Age: 16.7 ± 0.4 yr.; CG: n = 20, Gender: M, Age: 16.5 ± 0.6 yr |
Shang et al. (2023) [58] | China | Basketball | Collegiate/NR | EG: n = 9, CG: n = 9, Gender: NR, Age: NR |
Xiao et al. (2024) [35] | China | Tennis | Elite/4.5 yr | EG: n = 20, Gender: M, Age: 16.7 ± 0.4 yr.; CG: n = 20, Gender: M, Age: 16.5 ± 0.6 yr |
Bashir et al. (2024) [36] | Pakistan | Hockey | Elite/ > 3.8 yr | EG = 22, CG = 22, Gender: M, Age: 21.5 ± 0.8 yr |