Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies

Fitzgerald et al. 2010 [41]

N = 22 healty college student (12f, 10 m)

EG (n = 11), Age:25.4 ± 2.1

CG (n = 11), Age:26.9 ± 3.2

4 weeks, 3×/weeks, 15 min

Screen feedback (Active Video games)

Wobble board

SEBT, DPSI, SMI, IMI

Kim et al.2015 [30]

N = 20 FAI (16f,4 m)

Age:23.3 ± 2.4

BEG (n = 10)

SEG (n = 10)

4 weeks, 3×/weeks, 30 min

VR feedback (the Nintendo Wii Fit Plus)

Soccer heading, Ski slalom, Tight rope walk, Table tilt, Snowboard slalom.

The Biodex Balance System

Punt et al. 2016 [31]

N = 90 AI(39f,51 m)

Wii Fit (n = 30), Age:34.7 ± 10.7

PTG (n = 30), Age:34.7 ± 11.3

CG(n = 30), Age:33.5 ± 9.5

6 weeks, 2×/weeks, 30 min

VR feedback (the Nintendo Wii Fit Plus)

ski slalom, penguin slide, table tilt, and balance bubble.

FAAM, VAS, Self-reported satisfaction

Kim et al. 2019 [43]

N = 21 FAI(16f,5 m)

Age:21.0 ± 1.2

VRG (n = 10)

CEG (n = 11)

4 weeks, 3×/weeks, 30 min

VR feedback (the Nintendo Wii Fit Plus)

Soccer heading, Ski slalom, Tight rope walk, Table tilt, Snowboard slalom.

The Biodex Balance System

Mohammadi et al. 2020 [44]

50 FAI (50 m)

VRG (n = 25), Age = 22.16 ± 1.95

CG (n = 25), Age = 23 ± 2.57

4 weeks, 3×/weeks, 30 min

VR feedback (the Nintendo Wii Fit Plus)

Soccer heading, Ski slalom, Tight rope walk, Table tilt, Snowboard slalom.

Hop TEST

Koldenhoven et al. 2021 [32]

27 CAI

GBF (n = 13)

NBF (n = 14)

4 weeks, 2×/weeks, 60 min

Screen vision feedback

Intrinsic Foot Muscle Exercises, Ankle Exercises, Hip Exercises, Balance Exercises, Functional Exercises.

IC, FAAM, TSK, GROC, ROM

Forsyth et al. 2021 [42]

15 CAI (7f,8 m)

VG (n = 9), Age:28 ± 9

NVG (n = 6), Age:29 ± 14

4 weeks, 1×/2weeks

Screen vision feedback

single leg balance with hip flexion, single leg stand and reach, lunge with distractive techniques, leap game.

SEBT, CAIT, PACES

Chuadthong et al. 2023 [28]

60 CAI(35f,25 m)

Age: 10 ± 2

AVG (n = 30)

CG (n = 30)

4 weeks, 3×/weeks, 30 min

Screen feedback (Active Video games)

Catching Fish and Russian Block video games.

SLST, FAAM, IMI

Cerbezer et al. 2023 [40]

20 CAI(10f,10 m)

Age: 24.45 ± 4.89

VOG (n = 10)

NG (n = 10)

4 weeks, 3×/weeks, 60 min

Vision feedback

single-leg stance, strength, single-leg hop, single-leg ball catch, unanticipated hop to stabilization.

SEBT, FAAM

Shousha et al. 2023 [45]

90 CAI (90 m)

VRG n = 30), Age = 15.7 ± 0.95

BBTG (n = 30), Age = 15.32 ± 0.92

CG (n = 30), Age = 15.23 ± 0.84

3 month, 3×/weeks, 30 min

VR feedback (the Nintendo Wii Fit Plus)

Soccer heading, Ski slalom, Tight rope walk, Table tilt, Snowboard slalom.

The Biodex Balance System, CAIT