The effectiveness of functional inspiratory muscle training on exercise capacity and peripheral muscle strength in patients with essential hypertension: a three-arm randomized controlled trial

Hüzmeli, İrem; Katayıfçı, Nihan; Abay, Büşra; Akkuş, Oğuz; Özer, Aysel Yıldız

doi:10.1186/s13102-025-01082-w

BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation

Table 3 Changes in Pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength, fatigue, physical activity, HrQoL within and between the groups

From: The effectiveness of functional inspiratory muscle training on exercise capacity and peripheral muscle strength in patients with essential hypertension: a three-arm randomized controlled trial

	CG (n: 15)				IMT (n: 15)				F-IMT (n: 15)
	Baseline mean ± SD	After mean ± SD	Mean Difference (95% CI	Within group p	Baseline mean ± SD	After mean ± SD	Mean Difference (95% CI	Within group p	Baseline mean ± SD	After mean ± SD	Mean Difference (95% CI	Within group p	Treatment effect p
FEV₁/FVC %	86.24 ± 9.47	86.35 ± 9.11	−0.18(−1.29-.0.92)	0.734	85.18 ± 8.57	85.91 ± 7.38	−0.74(−1.85–0.36)	0.181	82.85 ± 14.21	84.03 ± 14.29	−1.08(−2.19–0.29)	0.056	0.517
MIP cmH₂O	93.26 ± 24.77	96.86 ± 25.39	−3.99(−12.50–4.52)	0.350	89.26 ± 25.88	104.58 ± 28.30	−10.33(−18.82–1.84)	0.018	87.26 ± 24.65	100.37 ± 26.95	−17.01(−25.51–8.50)	< 0.001	0.106
MIP %	100.39 ± 26.06	103.96 ± 25.17	−3.71(−13.27–5.85)	0.438	96.04 ± 23.86	107.73 ± 26.97	−11.60(−21.15–2.05)	0.018	96.64 ± 28.13	117.53 ± 38.14	−20.83 (−30.38–11.28)	< 0.001	0.048^a
MEP cmH₂O	104.60 ± 25.35	105.00 ± 24.54	−1.26(−8.49–5.97)	0.817	96.93 ± 34.33	99.01 ± 35.63	−2.22(−9.34–4.89)	0.532	81.60 ± 32.77	94.80 ± 28.44	−12.19(−19.46–4.91)	0.002	0.075
MEP %	88.26 ± 21.47	88.28 ± 18.92	−0.75(−7.73–6.23)	0.829	81.27 ± 24.87	84.16 ± 28.75	−2.86(−9.78–4.05)	0.408	75.11 ± 38.35	87.10 ± 36.73	−11.27(−18.25–4.29)	0.002	0.090
SF-36 Mental Health	70.05 ± 23.26	79.48 ± 19.91	−9.77(−14.35–5.19)	< 0.001	66.35 ± 20.71	76.40 ± 19.08	−9.73(−14.16–5.31)	< 0.001	68.05 ± 17.00	75.17 ± 17.25	−7.10(−11.52–2.68)	0.002	0.620
SF-36 Physical Health	70.04 ± 17.87	71.23 ± 17.88	−1.65(−6.65–3.34)	0.508	63.79 ± 21.00	66.67 ± 21.71	−2.70(−2.08–7.49)	0.260	63.13 ± 15.14	65.94 ± 15.76	−2.56(−7.35–2.23)	0.286	0.054
FSS (0–63)	24.66 ± 19.97	23.27 ± 15.83	2.13(−0.64–4.90)	0.128	39.06 ± 18.24	36.17 ± 17.63	1.88(−0.94–4.71)	0.186	28.46 ± 12.79	22.53 ± 11.09	6.21(3.49–8.92)	< 0.001	0.049^a,b
IPAQ total (MET- min/week)	1604.90 ± 1878.56	1741.24 ± 1844.97	−146.51(257.09–35.93)	0.011	394.66 ± 334.13	683.97 ± 539.74	280.02(−419.18–140.86)	< 0.001	665.42 ± 553.45	1030.83 ± 549.40	−360.48(−470.40–250.55)	< 0.001	0.035
IPAQ vigorous (MET-min/week)	304.00 ± 693.61	432.00 ± 1264	1.83(−160.98–164.65)	0.982	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00 ± 00	−75.73(−234.55–83.07)	0.341	32.00 ± 123.39	64.00 ± 247.87	−86.09(−243.88–71.68)	0.277	0.688
IPAQ moderate (MET- min./week)	270.40 ± 515.01	1393.68 ± 3879.07	−1235.31(−2457.0–13.61)	0.050	84.00 ± 325.33	249.41 ± 381.30	131.34(−1322.68–1059.99)	0.825	28.00 ± 108.44	157.23 ± 177.45	−51.27(−1255.81–1153.26)	0.932	0.323
IPAQ walking (MET- min./week)	875.13 ± 633.74	878.41 ± 682.52	−17.19(−173.66—139.27)	0.825	544.80 ± 563.26	723.14 ± 607.59	−170.60(−324.29–16.91)	0.030	568.66 ± 422.89	823.16 ± 446.24	−248.32(−401.55–95.08)	0.002	0.116
IPAQ sitting (MET- min./week)	410.0 ± 224.97	385.20 ± 223.18	41.37(−21.07–103.81)	0.188	509.00 ± 384.45	384.05 ± 149.17	84.92(21.89–147.94)	0.010	398.00 ± 184.04	322.58 ± 111.21	98.85(36.29–161.42)	0.03	0.398

FEV1 forced expiratory volume in 1 s, FVC forced vital capacity, MIP maximal inspiratory pressure, MEP maximal expiratory pressure, FSS Fatigue severity scale, SF-36 Short Form, IPAQ International physical activity questionnaire, Bonferroni corrected ANCOVA test
^* p < 0.05
^astatistically significant difference in comparison with FIMT and CG
^bstatistically significant difference in comparison in FIMT and IMT
^cstatistically significant difference in comparison in IMT and CG

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ISSN: 2052-1847

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