Effect of double- density foot orthoses on ground reaction forces and lower limb muscle activities during running in adults with and without pronated feet

Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria for study participation

Groups	Inclusion criteria	Exclusion criteria
PF group	Male	Females. Irrespective of sex, a history of musculoskeletal surgery in the trunk and/or lower limbs was defined as exclusion criteria. To be included in this study participants had no Surgical treatment of the lower limbs or trunk two years prior to the start of the study were defined as exclusion criteria.
	BMI < 25 kg/m²	Acute neuromuscular or orthopedic disorders (except for PF)
	Rearfoot eversion angle > 4° [36, 37]	Lower limb length asymmetry exceeding 5 mm
	Navicular drop > 10 mm	Engagement in strenuous physical activity within 48 h before testing
	A foot posture index > 10 [38]	Midfoot or forefoot strike pattern
	Rearfoot striker
WPF group	Male	History of musculoskeletal surgery in the trunk and/or lower limbs. To be included in this study participants had no surgical treatment at the lower limbs or trunk two years prior to the start of the study.
	BMI < 25 kg/m²	Acute neuromuscular or orthopedic disorders
	Rearfoot eversion angle < 4° [36, 37]	Lower limb length asymmetry exceeding 5 mm
	5 < Navicular drop < 10 mm	Engagement in strenuous physical activity within 48 h before testing
	6 < A foot posture index < 10 [38]	Midfoot or forefoot strike pattern
	Rearfoot striker	Forefoot striker

ISSN: 2052-1847