Table 4 Means and standard deviations of muscle activity during the loading phase [% maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC)] when running in PF group compared with WPF group (with and without FO)

105.35 ± 31.29

61.35 ± 18.08

-41.76

21.79, 66.21

148.61 ± 38.37

109.91 ± 36.2

-26.04

8.56, 68.84

< 0.001 (1.953)*

0.001 (2.163)*

0.754 (0.142)

105.77 ± 44.60

60.84 ± 11.26

-42.47

16.84, 73.02

193.86 ± 58.20

94.63 ± 23.47

-51.18

52.16, 146.30

< 0.001 (2.496)*

< 0.001 (2.599)*

0.036 (0.978)*

99.53 ± 39.85

41.83 ± 8.53

-57.97

19.41, 34.72

147.17 ± 34.44

68.8 ± 19.83

-53.25

46.89, 117.69

< 0.001 (1.964)*

0.001 (3.483)*

0.238 (0.532)

74.33 ± 13.32

47.26 ± 8.07

-36.41

31.52, 83.87

153.78 ± 45.73

71.49 ± 20.04

-53.51

51.24, 105.51

< 0.001 (3.092)*

< 0.001 (3.055)*

0.002 (1.543)*

84.22 ± 35.09

38.22 ± 7.51

-54.61

23.36, 68.62

127.26 ± 27.44

61.26 ± 17.18

-51.86

44.02, 87.98

< 0.001 (2.016)*

< 0.001 (3.419)*

0.177 (0.610)

76.47 ± 36.03

35.08 ± 6.64

-54.12

15.03, 60.21

122.26 ± 19.04

59.93 ± 17.92

-50.98

44.51, 91.01

< 0.001 (2.615)*

< 0.001 (3.137)*

0.052 (0.899)

72.18 ± 35.52

34.56 ± 6.16

-52.11

18.29, 64.50

124.07 ± 21.98

56.31 ± 16.99

-54.61

41.63, 83.02

< 0.001 (2.444)*

0.001(3.207)*

0.153 (0.648)

72.53 ± 35.76

32.47 ± 5.54

-55.23

17.56, 62.57

122.87 ± 21.31

54.65 ± 16.13

-55.52

45.85, 90.57

< 0.001 (2.571)*

0.001 (3.289)*

0.063 (0.857)