Exercise-induced changes in insulin sensitivity, atherogenic index of plasma, and CTRP1/CTRP3 levels: the role of combined and high-intensity interval training in overweight and obese women

Shahiddoust, Fatemeh; Monazzami, Amir Abbas

doi:10.1186/s13102-025-01123-4

BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation

Table 4 Study variables before and after training

From: Exercise-induced changes in insulin sensitivity, atherogenic index of plasma, and CTRP1/CTRP3 levels: the role of combined and high-intensity interval training in overweight and obese women

Parameter (unit)		CON (n = 10)	HIIT (n = 9)	CT (n = 10)
Body weight (kg)	Pre	77.47 ± 9.33	73.51 ± 6.55	73.66 ± 3.30
Body weight (kg)	Post	77.62 ± 8.91	72.36 ± 6.54^**&	72.06 ± 3.27^**&
BMI (kg/m2)	Pre	29.14 ± 2.35	29.17 ± 1.51	28.91 ± 2.0
BMI (kg/m2)	Post	29.23 ± 2.21	28.71 ± 1.53^**&	28.29 ± 2.01^**&
WHR	Pre	0.959 ± 0.058	0.950 ± 0.042	0.941 ± 0.036
WHR	Post	0.955 ± 0.055	0.942 ± 0.044^**	0.928 ± 0.039^**
BFP	Pre	25.6 ± 4.47	27.02 ± 1.84	26.9 ± 2.11
BFP	Post	25.72 ± 4.58	26.01 ± 1.85^**&	25.25 ± 2.13^**&
TG (mg/dL)	Pre	173.8 ± 10.77	171.0 ± 12.34	165.9 ± 8.31
TG (mg/dL)	Post	174.0 ± 10.17	168.33 ± 12.41^**&	163.0 ± 7.54^**&
LDL (mg/dL)	Pre	147.7 ± 12.31	149.0 ± 9.97	145.0 ± 13.58
LDL (mg/dL)	Post	148.0 ± 12.12	147.66 ± 9.32^**#	163.8 ± 13.07^*#
HDL (mg/dL)	Pre	39.0 ± 2.26	39.77 ± 2.99	39.1 ± 2.42
HDL (mg/dL)	Post	39.1 ± 2.21	40.44 ± 2.6^*	39.8 ± 2.2^*
TC (mg/dL)	Pre	221.2 ± 12.33	222.66 ± 12.54	217.4 ± 13.38
TC (mg/dL)	Post	221.5 ± 12.34	221.11 ± 12.19^**&	216.0 ± 12.92^*&
AIP	Pre	0.648 ± 0.047	0.633 ± 0.040	0.628 ± 0.039
AIP	Post	0.649 ± 0.044	0.619 ± 0.038^**#	0.612 ± 0.033^**#
Glucose (mg/dL)	Pre	100.0 ± 8.76	100.33 ± 9.40	92.40 ± 4.88
Glucose (mg/dL)	Post	98.90 ± 7.72	97.11 ± 8.40^**#	89.40 ± 4.27^**#
Insulin (µIU/ml)	Pre	16.30 ± 2.16	16.88 ± 2.71	14.9 ± 1.19
Insulin (µIU/ml)	Post	16.10 ± 1.79	15.77 ± 2.22^**#	13.9 ± 1.19^**#
HOMA-IR	Pre	4.06 ± 0.89	4.23 ± 1.07	3.40 ± 0.43
HOMA-IR	Post	3.95 ± 0.72	3.82 ± 0.86^**#	3.07 ± 0.4^**
QUICKI	Pre	0.312 ± 0.008	0.310 ± 0.010	0.318 ± 0.005
QUICKI	Post	0.312 ± 0.007	0.314 ± 0.009^**&	0.323 ± 0.005^**&
CTRP- 1 (ng/ml)	Pre	63.46 ± 12.41	62.97 ± 12.94	58.69 ± 11.64
CTRP- 1 (ng/ml)	Post	63.44 ± 12.43	62.63 ± 13.06^**&	58.40 ± 11.52^**#
CTRP- 3 (ng/L)	Pre	28.13 ± 4.76	26.48 ± 3.27	26.14 ± 3.39
CTRP- 3 (ng/L)	Post	28.1 ± 4.63	26.05 ± 3.21^*#	25.75 ± 3.29^**#
AST (IU/L)	Pre	22.30 ± 2.62	23.88 ± 1.90	22.90 ± 2.80
AST (IU/L)	Post	22.50 ± 2.32	20.77 ± 1.78^**&	20.20 ± 2.25^**&
ALT (IU/L)	Pre	25.50 ± 2.71	26.88 ± 1.90	26.50 ± 2.75
ALT (IU/L)	Post	25.60 ± 2.22	24.33 ± 2.0^**&	23.60 ± 2.63^**&
1RM (kg)	Pre	27.8 ± 3.42	28.0 ± 4.24	28.2 ± 4.15
1RM (kg)	Post	28.4 ± 2.98	28.7 ± 3.83	32.5 ± 4.79^**&$
VO2 max (ml.kg.min)	Pre	20.22 ± 1.09	20.08 ± 1.0	20.23 ± 1.21
VO2 max (ml.kg.min)	Post	20.13 ± 0.86	21.6 ± 0.98^**&	21.74 ± 1.22^**&

Significant differences compared to pre-test: ^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01
Significant changes observed following the -week intervention compared to CON: ^#p < 0.05, ^&p < 0.01; and compared to HIIT: ^$p < 0.01
CON Control, HIIT High-intensity interval training, CT Combined training, BMI Body Mass Index, WHR Waist-to-hip Ratio, BFP Body Fat Percentage, TG Triglyceride, LDL Low-density lipoprotein, HDL High-density lipoprotein, TC Total cholesterol, AIP Atherogenic Index of Plasma, HOMA-IR Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance, QUICKI Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index, CTRPs C1Q/TNF-Related Proteins, 1RM One-repetition Maximum, VO2 max Maximum oxygen consumption

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ISSN: 2052-1847

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