Fig. 3

Acceleration profiles of experienced badminton players during the backcourt forehand clear stroke. The graph illustrates acceleration magnitudes (m/s²) of seven body segments across the normalized movement cycle (0-100%). Note the distinctive acceleration pattern featuring pronounced peaks in the forearm and arm segments (approximately 6 m/s² and 4 m/s² respectively), demonstrating efficient power generation in the upper limbs. The lower acceleration magnitudes in the shoulder, hip, and lower limbs indicate enhanced stability and controlled energy transfer from the lower to upper body. This characteristic pattern represents optimal technique with minimal extraneous movement and superior segmental coordination