Table 3 Cardiac morphological and functional parameters at baseline, 12 weeks, and 20 weeks of resistance training

Left Ventricle (LV)

 LV septal wall thickness (mm)

6.1 ± 1.1

6.6 ± 1.5

7.2 ± 1.4^#

0.027

 LV posterior wall thickness (mm)

5.5 ± 1.3

6.6 ± 1.4*

7.1 ± 1.3^##

< 0.001

 RWT

0.24 ± 0.05

0.28 ± 0.05*

0.29 ± 0.06^##

0.007

 3D LV mass (g)

120.1 ± 15.4

132.9 ± 15.6*

133.7 ± 16.3^##

< 0.001

 3D LV EDV (ml)

146.4 ± 18.9

156.5 ± 20.8*

157.9 ± 19.6^##

< 0.001

 3D LV ESV (ml)

64 ± 10

69.4 ± 12.3*

68.1 ± 11.8^#

0.003

 3D LV ejection fraction (%)

56.5 ± 3.3

55.9 ± 3.8

57 ± 4.5

0.789

 LV GLS (%)

20.7 ± 1.8

20.3 ± 1.6

20.4 ± 1.7

0.28

 Peak E_m (cm.s^− 1)

76.7 ± 10.4

77.6 ± 12.1

79.6 ± 10.9

0.557

 Peak A_m (cm.s^− 1)

44.5 ± 8.9

44 ± 8.2

43.9 ± 7.6

0.926

 E_m/A_m ratio

1.79 ± 0.47

1.83 ± 0.5

1.86 ± 0.39

0.770

 averaged e_m’ (cm.s^− 1)

15.1 ± 1.9

15.4 ± 2.1

15.3 ± 2.6

0.575

Right Ventricle (RV)

 RV wall thickness (mm)

3.33 ± 0.73

3.76 ± 0.71

3.89 ± 0.8^#

0.014

 3D RV EDV (ml)

119 ± 19.4

126.7 ± 18.7*

129.2 ± 21.6^##

< 0.001

 3D RV ESV (ml)

53.9 ± 11.5

58.4 ± 13.3*

58.2 ± 11.3^##

0.004

 3D RV ejection fraction (%)

54.7 ± 6

54.1 ± 5.4

54.9 ± 4.3

0.789

 RV/LV EDV ratio

0.81 ± 0.09

0.81 ± 0.08

0.82 ± 0.1

0.950

 Peak RV S’ (cm.s^− 1)

13.5 ± 2.1

13.1 ± 2.1

13.2 ± 2.2

0.595

 TAPSE (mm)

22.5 ± 3.3

24.1 ± 3.5

24.9 ± 3.3

0.019

 Peak E_t (cm.s^− 1)

49.4 ± 7.3

51.4 ± 7.8

50.5 ± 6

0.582

 Peak A_t (cm.s^− 1)

32.1 ± 4.7

30.7 ± 5.8

31.5 ± 8.3

0.761

 E_t/A_t ratio

1.55 ± 0.23

1.71 ± 0.3

1.68 ± 0.38

0.353

 Lateral e’_t (cm.s^− 1)

12.4 ± 2.9

12.9 ± 2.8

13.2 ± 2.7

0.109

Atrial volumes

 Left atrial volume (mL)

33.2 ± 9.4

32.6 ± 7.6

32.1 ± 8.7

0.778

 Right atrial volume (mL)

31.3 ± 8.5

32.9 ± 8.3

33.1 ± 8.7

0.617